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\title{Outside the Box Portfolio}
\author{Arnaud BASTIAN}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

\section*{The great challenges of the $21^{st}$ century}

\begin{frame}{The great challenges of the $21^{st}$ century}
    



Through the portfolio, I will unfold the great challenges of the $21^{st}$ century,
all related to climate change considerations and the modern society. I will develop various related subjects, such as energy and transport.

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\begin{frame}
    \tableofcontents
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\section{Energy in the buildings}
\begin{frame}{The importance of energy}
    There are two types of energy:
    \begin{itemize}
        \item Primary energy:
         The energy in its primal form, as is, when extracted from the earth. Oil barrels, uranium, wind, \dots 
        \item Final energy: 
         Energy under the form used by a consumer: electricity, gas, diesel, \dots

    \end{itemize}

    Today, the energy is inseparable from the modern society and lifestyle. It is the easily extractable oil that lead to the economic growth that build the modern living standards.
Nowadays, almost everybody has access to powerful appliances that were almost unimaginable a century ago: microwaves, computers, radiators\dots.
Power has been made accessible to almost everyone, at every moment.

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Current enerrgy expenses}

The access to energy has perhaps been too easy during the last century and today humankind is at risk of losing it. One must save energy, consume it wisely.

Buildings currently represent almost $40\%$ of humankind's energy expenses. 

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=.5\linewidth]{images/energy/energy-consuption-by-sector.jpg}
    \caption{2014 energy consumption by sector in the EU}
\end{figure}


\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Energy in buildings}
    
Moreover, most of the energy used in buildings is for space heating, as show the following figure:

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=.5\linewidth]{images/energy/t313_2018_sg_fig2_2.tif.jpg}
    \caption{Energy consumption in the UK for domestic use}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Reduce space heating demand}
    To reduce energy demand, one must first reduce the energy needed for a same result, which means optimising systems: reducing the amount of energy that goes to waste.
    One must tackle the problem of heat loss regarding buildings, there are three different ways for a building to lose its heat:
    \begin{itemize}
        \item Fabric heat loss: due to heat conduction by the materials that compose a building
        \item Ventilation loss: due to the air circulation between a building and outside.
        \item Flue heat loss: due to the heating system inefficiency.
    \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Tackling the fabric heat loss issue}
    One can assign to every component of a building (say wall, ceiling, floor, windows) a U-value, which is the proportion of heat transmitted by the component
    regarding a certain temperature between inside and outside.

    Which can be summed up by the formulation:
    \begin{equation*}
        \phi = U(T_{\text{int}}- T_{\text{out}})
    \end{equation*}
    Where $\phi$ represents the heat power lost every second through the component which has a the U-value of U.
    The U-value is the inverse of the thermal resistance of the component: the higher the value, the higher the heat loss will be.
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Reducing the U-value}
    There exists a way to reduce the U-value of a building component, which is insulation.
    There exists three ways for a material to transmit heat:
    \begin{itemize}
        \item Conduction: heat transmitted by contact.
        \item Convection: heat transmitted by being transported by a fluid (air, water)
        \item Radiation: heat which is transmitted by light (infrareds in this case)
    \end{itemize}

    There exists insulation technologies to hinder those factors. Honeycombed bricks, because air is a great $\bold{conduction}$ insulator, or  polystyrene that can be placed between the outside wall and the inside plasterboard for instance.

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Tackling ventilation loss}
    Ventilation is essential regarding the salubrity matter. Indeed, it allows to recycle the air, control its humidity and also reduce the chances of
    gaseous elements intoxication, for instance: carbon monoxide and dioxide that are produced by heating systems.

    But in the case of uncontrolled ventilation, the heat loss can be tremendous as the warm air might be constantly replaced by the cold outside air, therefore making every aforementioned insulation effort useless.

    Making buildings more airtight allows to reduce the ventilation heat loss.
    
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Heating systems efficiency}
    Finally, the heat loss factor that can be tackled is related to heating systems efficiency.
    For instance, one might want to replace older heating technologies for now ones. For instance, gas boilers can be replaced by condensing gas boilers: 
    water vapour, produced by the combustion reaction is condensed to retrieve the consequent amount of thermal energy that is released during this process, instead of just losing
    the potential heat by releasing the steam in the outside environment.

    One can also use different technologies such as heat pumps, which only use electricity to produce heat in a very efficient way, this is particularly interesting in the case of a
    low-carbon electricity production.   


\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Electric appliances, lighting}

A last place of energy consumption, are the electric appliances and the lighting.

Regarding lighting the old tungsten filament lightbulbs are terribly inefficient as only $5\%$ of the consumed
electricity is transformed into light, the rest is pure heat loss. Today there exists compact fluorescent lights and LEDs which are
very efficient regarding lighting.

Regarding electric appliances such as fridges, televisions, \dots, one can check before buying the mandatory energy rating of the appliance, to ensure good efficiency and low consumption of electricity.

\end{frame}

\section{The science of nuclear energy}

\begin{frame}{Nuclear energy, the way to go ?}
    
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Deep into the fundamentals}
    
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Atoms, elements}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{How does a nuclear power-plant work ?}
    
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Famous nuclear acccients}
    
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Nuclear energy safety}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{What about nuclear waste ?}
    The question of nuclear energy safety undoubtedly raises the question of nuclear waste.
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Future of nuclear energy}
    
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Is it still relevant ?}
    One can ask if nuclear energy, a 70-year old technology is still relevant to take up the climate change and energy
    transition challenge.
    
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Nuclear fusion}
    
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{title}
    
\end{frame}





\section{Passports: identity and airports}
\begin{frame}{Origins of the passport}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Our relationship to passports}
    
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